Prevalence and clinical consequences of Hepatitis C virus infection in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

ABSTRACT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) recipients. In Brazil, its occurrence in HCT recipients remains undetermined. We now report on HCV prevalence in HCT recipients and its clinical consequences. The medical records of all HCT recipients seen at Hospital das Clinicas, Sao Paulo University Medical School, from January 2010 to January 2020 were reviewed to determine HCV serostatus. A retrospective analysis of medical charts was undertaken on all seropositive cases to determine HCV genotype, presence of liver fibrosis, co-infections with other viruses, previous treatments, and clinical evolution of liver pathology after HCT. Of the 1,293 HCT recipients included in the study, seven (0.54%) were HCV antibody-positive and five (0.39%) were also viremic for HCV-RNA. Four of these individuals had moderate to severe liver fibrosis (METAVIR F2/F3) and one was cirrhotic. Two of the viremic patients developed acute liver dysfunction following transplantation. All patients had their acute episode of liver dysfunction resolved with no further complications. Four of the viremic patients were treated for HCV infection with direct acting agents (DAA). Information regarding HCV treatment was lacking for one of the viremic HCV patients due to loss of follow up. Sustained anti-virologic responses were observed in three cases after the use of DAA. The detection of HCV in hematological adults undergoing HCT and its successful treatment with DAA highlight the necessity of testing for HCV both prior to and following transplantation.

Uso de TIC ́s para el manejo de enfermedades cardiovasculares / Use of ICTs for the managem ent of cardiovascular diseases

¿Son efectivas las aplicaciones móviles en las personas adultas con enfermedades cardiovasculares para mejorar su control? Como es sabido la población de edad más avanzada considera un obstáculo determinante el avance de la sociedad y su adaptación a los cambios que involucra, lo que refiere la importancia de buscar nuevas herramientas que le faciliten esa adaptación, aún más cuando su salud depende de ello cuando deben enfrentarse al control de enfermedades crónicas y de mucha atención. En este artículo se responderá esta interrogante mediante la revisión bibliográfica sistemática bajo estrategias de búsqueda en bases de datos reconocidas como Pubmed y Scielo de artículos previos enfocados al uso de TIC's en el control de enfermedades. Rescatando finalmente 6 artículos que muestran resultados positivos en la mejora del estado de salud y/o de la ad-herencia al tratamiento de los pacientes controlados en sus estudios, discutiendo factores que podrían mejorar sus resultados en estudios en los que no fueron significativos, valorando limitaciones y recomendaciones para estudios futuros, invitando finalmente a la población, a mejorar el estudio de la población adulta y adulta mayor, y a la búsqueda de herramientas que le permitan mejorar su salud, así como en el caso de las TIC'S que son una gran ayuda para mejorar el control de éstas, al comprobar que no generan ningún riesgo para quien las utiliza, no interfiere con la terapia tradicional farmacológica y solo refiere beneficios a pesar de las limitantes de accesibilidad que pueden ser fácilmente controladas[AU]

Are mobile applications effective in adults with cardiovascular diseases to improve their control? As is known, the older population considers the progress of society and its adaptation to the changes it involves to be a determining obstacle, which refers to the importance of seeking new tools that facilitate this adaptation, even more so when their health depends on This is when they have to face the control of chronic diseases and a lot of care. This article will answer this question through a systematic bibliographic review using search strategies in recognized databases such as Pubmed and Scielo of previous articles focused on the use of ICTs in disease control. Finally rescuing 6 articles that show positive results in improving the state of health and/or adherence to treatment of patients controlled in their studies, discussing factors that could improve their results in studies in which they were not significant, assessing limitations and recommendations for future studies, finally inviting the population to improve the study of the adult and elderly population, and to search for tools that allow them to improve their health, as well as in the case of ICTs that are a great help to improve the control of these, by verifying that they do not generate any risk for those who use them, does not interfere with traditional pharmacological therapy and only refers benefits despite the accessibility limitations that can be easily controlled[AU]

Os aplicativos móveis são eficazes em adultos com doenças cardio-vasculares para melhorar seu controle? Como se sabe, a população idosa considera o progresso da sociedade e sua adaptação às mu-danças que ela envolve um obstáculo determinante, o que remete à importância de buscar novas ferramentas que facilitem essa adap-tação, ainda mais quando sua saúde depende de quando têm que enfrentar o controle de doenças crônicas e muito cuidado. Este arti-go responderá a esta questão por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática utilizando estratégias de busca em bases de dados re-conhecidas como Pubmed e Scielo de artigos anteriores focados no uso das TICs no controle de doenças. Por fim resgatando 6 artigos que mostram resultados positivos na melhora do estado de saúde e/ou adesão ao tratamento dos pacientes controlados em seus estu-dos, discutindo fatores que poderiam melhorar seus resultados em estudos em que não foram significativos, avaliando limitações e re-comendações para estudos futuros, convidando finalmente a popu-lação a melhorar o estudo da população adulta e idosa, e a procurar ferramentas que lhes permitam melhorar a sua saúde, bem como no caso das TIC que são uma grande ajuda para melhorar o controlo destas, por verificando que não geram nenhum risco para quem os utiliza, não interferem na terapia farmacológica tradicional e ape-nas remetem a benefícios, apesar das limitações de acessibilidade facilmente controláveis[AU]

Exposição ocupacional ao Sars-CoV-2: investigação das condições de saúde/segurança dos trabalhadores essenciais para subsidiar ações de mitigação de risco da Covid-19 / Occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2: investigation of the health/safety conditions of essential workers to support COVID-19 risk mitigation actions

RESUMO Em janeiro de 2020, a Organização Mundial da Saúde declarou a Covid-19 como emergência de saúde pública no mundo. Diante da ausência de medidas farmacológicas, a única prevenção adotada foi o distanciamento físico. Porém, trabalhadores essenciais ficaram submetidos às políticas de gestão de saúde e segurança das empresas. O objetivo deste artigo é investigar as condições de saúde e segurança dos trabalhadores expostos ao Sars-CoV-2, por meio da aplicação de ferramentas de inovação tecnológica, para dar suporte e subsidiar ações de mitigação de risco da doença. Trata-se de estudo transversal, conduzido na plataforma REDCap, por instrumento autoaplicável de comunicação de risco de trabalhadores em atividade presencial e remota, no Brasil. Participaram 2.476 trabalhadores, dos quais, 723 foram aceitos por análise de consistência das respostas. A idade média foi de 43,5 anos, sexo feminino (53,3%), cor branca (62%), carga de 21-40 horas semanais (60%) e Covid-19 em 27,4% da amostra. A maioria (75,2%) considerou que a transmissão ocorreu no trabalho e que medidas de proteção coletiva foram insuficientes. Os achados apontam deficiências nos planos de contingência das empresas, que repercutem em insegurança e risco de exposição ao Sars-CoV-2, reduzindo a eficácia das medidas sanitárias e transformando o trabalho em lócus de disseminação do vírus.

ABSTRACT In January 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a public health emergency worldwide. Given the absence of pharmacological measures, the only prevention adopted was physical distancing. However, essential workers were subject to the health and safety management policies of companies. The aim of this article is to investigate the health and safety conditions of workers exposed to SARS-CoV-2, using the application of technological innovation tools, to support and subsidize disease risk mitigation actions. This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in the Redcap platform, by a self-administered instrument of risk communication of workers in face-to-face and remote activities, in Brazil. A total of2,476 workers took part, 723 of whom were accepted by analysis of consistency of responses. The average age was 43.5 years, female (53.3%), white (62%), working 21-40 hours a week (60%) and Covid-19 in 27.4% of the sample. Most (75.2%) considered that the transmission occurred at work and the collective protection measures were insufficient. The findings point to deficiencies in the contingency plans of the companies, which have repercussions on the insecurity and risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2, reducing the effectiveness of sanitary measures and transforming the work into locus of dissemination of the virus.

Brazilian dental consensus on dental management in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation−Part I−pre-HSCT

ABSTRACT The oral involvement in the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation is well described in the literature. The goal of the dental treatment and management of the oral lesions related to the HSCT is to reduce the harm caused by preexisting oral infection or even the worsening of oral acute/chronic GVHD and late effects. The aim of this guideline was to discuss the dental management of patients subjected to HSCT, considering three phases of the HSCT: pre-HSCT, acute phase, and late phase. The literature published from 2010 to 2020 was reviewed in order to identify dental interventions in this patient population. The selected papers were divided into three groups: pre-HSCT, acute and late, and were reviewed by the SBTMO Dental Committee's members. When necessary, an expertise opinion was considered for better translating the guideline recommendations to our population dental characteristics. This manuscript focused on the pre-HSCT dental management. The objective of the pre-HSCT dental management is to identify possible dental situations that On behalf of the Dental Committee of the Brazilian Society of Gene Therapy and Bone Marrow Transplantation (SBTMO) can worsening during the acute phase after the HSCT. Each guideline recommendations were made considering the Dentistry Specialties. The clinical consensus on dental management prior to HSCT provides professional health caregivers with clinical setting-specific information to help with the management of dental problems in patients to be subjected to HSCT.

Valoración del uso de redes sociales y otros factores asociados al rendimiento académico de estudiantes del nivel medio de una institución educativa

Introducción: En pandemia SARS-CoV-2 se utilizaron plataformas digitales para enseñanza-aprendizaje, en pos-pandemia posiblemente continuó la adherencia a redes sociales (RS) afectando el rendimiento académico. Objetivos: evaluar asociación del rendimiento académico con factores como uso de RS, aspectos sociodemográficos, actividades no académicas, prácticas alimentarias, motivación personal y fatiga en estudiantes del 1°al 3° curso (nivel medio) del Colegio Defensores del Chaco (Luque-Central). Materiales y Métodos: diseño transversal, correlacional y descriptivo realizado durante primer semestre del 2023 con muestra probabilística de 175 estudiantes, ambos sexos, sanos. Para uso de RS y otros datos se utilizó una encuesta digital auto aplicada previo consentimiento informado. Para rendimiento académico se usó calificación en Lengua y Literatura. Resultados: Edad promedio fue 16?0,9 años. Fueron mujeres 47,4%(n=83); 98,9%(n=173) utilizaba RS. 72% usaba Instagram, WhatsApp 71,4%, TikTok 56,6%, Facebook 13,1% y Twitter 8,6%. 100% utilizaba teléfono móvil para RS. El promedio de calificaciones 3,6 ? 13; 34,9% (n=61) obtuvo calificación 5,22,9% (n=40) 4,12% (n=21) 3; 34%(n=42) 2 y 6,3%(n=11) calificación 1. 40,6%(n=71) usaba RS 1-3 horas/día, 26,3%(n=46) 4-6 horas/día, 20,6%(n=36) ≥7horas/día <1hora/día; sin diferencias de calificaciones según tiempo en RS (Kruskall-Wallis; p=0,64). 3,2 ?1,3DE fue el promedio de calificaciones para varones y 3,9?1,3 DE para mujeres (Student p=0,002). Sin diferencias en calificaciones entre quienes no trabajan y aquellos que si (3,6?1,3DE vs 3,1?1,4DE; Student p=0,05). Como otras actividades recreativas, 43,4%(n=76) realizaba tareas hogareñas, 20%(n=70) actividad física (gimnasio/deportes), 1 estudiante lectura, sin diferencia en calificaciones según actividad física (Student p=0,42). El 64%(n=112) no cumplía recomendaciones de cantidad/día de comidas, 36%(n=63) si lo hacía; sin diferencias en calificaciones (p=0,05) tampoco según motivación (ANOVA p=0,11). 2 (1,1%) refirieron no estar fatigados en aula. Conclusiones: No hubo diferencias en el rendimiento académico según tiempo de acceso a redes sociales, factor laboral, la motivación, frecuencia de alimentación o actividad física. Las mujeres tuvieron mejor rendimiento académico que los varones.

Introduction: During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, digital platforms were used for teaching and learning; during the post-pandemic period, continued use of social networks (SN) possibly occurred, affecting academic performance. Objectives: to evaluate the association of academic performance with factors such as SN use, sociodemographic aspects, non-academic activities, eating practices, personal motivation and fatigue in students from 10th to 12th grade (high school) at the Defensores del Chaco School (Luque-Central). Materials and Methods: this was a cross-sectional, correlational and descriptive study carried out during the first semester of 2023 with a probabilistic sample of 175 healthy students of both sexes. For the use of SN and other data, a self-applied digital survey was used with prior informed consent. For academic performance, the grade in Language and Literature was used. Results: Average age was 16±0.9 years. 47.4% (n=83) were women; 98.9% (n=173) used SN. 72% used Instagram®, 71.4% used WhatsApp®, 56.6% TikTok, 13.1% Facebook and 8.6% Twitter. 100% used a mobile phone for SN. The grade point average was 3.6±1.3; 34.9% (n=61) obtained a grade of 5 (highest), 22.9%(n=40) 4, 12%(n=21) 3; 24%(n=42) 2 and 6.3%(n=11) obtained a 1 (lowest). 40.6%(n=71) used SN 1-3 hours/day, 26.3%(n=46) 4- 6 hours/day, 20.6%(n=36) ≥7 hours/day, 12.6%(n=22) <1 hour/day; with no differences in grades observed according to SN time usage (Kruskall-Wallis; p=0.64). 3.2±1.3SD was the average grade for boys and 3.9±1.3 SD for girls (Student' T, p=0.002). No differences in grades between those who do not work and those who do (3.6±1.3SD vs 3.1±1.4SD; Student p=0.05) were observed. As for other recreational activities, 43.4% (n=76) performed household chores, 20% (n=70) physical activity (gym/sports), 1 student reading, with no difference in grades according to physical activity (Student p=0, 42). 64% (n=112) did not meet recommendations for amount/day of meals, 36% (n=63) did, with no differences in grades (p=0.05) observed according to amount/day of meals nor according to motivation (ANOVA p=0.11). 2 (1.1%) reported not being fatigued in the classroom. Conclusions: There were no differences in academic performance according to SN usage time, work, motivation, frequency of eating or physical activity. Girls had a better academic performance than boys.

Terapia de infidelidad: puente para transitar de la devastación a la re-creación de sí y de la relación / Infidelity therapy: a bridge to transition from the devastation to the renovation of oneself and of the relationship

Objetivo: reconocer las vivencias que tuvieron los consultantes en el proceso terapéutico y que favorecieron mantener la relación de pareja luego de una infidelidad. Metodología: estudio cualitativo, fenomenológico-hermenéutico. Se realizaron dos entrevistas semiestructuradas, a tres parejas y una participante; triangulación de la información con un grupo de discusión con terapeutas. Resultados: las reflexiones suscitadas en el espacio terapéutico llevan a una mirada de sí y de la pareja en términos más compasivos, lo que permite que emerjan transformaciones individuales y relacionales que se denominaron: la renovación de la langosta y la transformación del cristal en oro, respectivamente. Los cambios en el pensamiento, acciones y maneras de relacionarse se constituyeron como prácticas de cuidado de sí y de la pareja. Conclusión: la terapia actúa como un "puente" para la recuperación de las parejas, facilita dejar atrás los efectos devastadores de la infidelidad y florecer en un panorama más estético y esperanzador.

Objective: to recognize the experiences that the consultants had in the therapeutic process that favored maintaining the couple's relationship after an infidelity. Methodology: qualitative study, hermeneutical phenomenological. Two semi-structured interviews were conducted with three couples and one participant; triangulation of information with a discussion group with therapists. Results: the reflections raised in the therapeutic space, lead to a look at oneself and the couple in more compassionate terms, which allows individual and relational transformations to emerge that were called: the renewal of the lobster and the transformation from crystal to gold, respectively. The changes in thinking, actions and ways of relating to each other were constituted as self-care and partner-care practices. Conclusion: therapy acts as a "bridge" for the recovery of couples, it makes it easier to leave behind the devastating effects of infidelity and flourish in a more aesthetic and hopeful outlook.

Survival analysis over a 20-year period of a Brazilian cohort of blood donors coinfected HIV-HCV

ABSTRACT Among individuals coinfected with HCV and HIV, studies of mortality from non-hepatic causes have shown inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of HCV and HIV co-infection to mortality from hepatic and non-hepatic causes in Brazil. This retrospective cohort study included blood donors from Fundação Pró-Sangue de São Paulo (FPS) who were followed from 1994 to 2016 to compare mortality and its causes between HIV-HCV coinfected individuals versus those seronegative for all tested infections. Records from the FPS database and the Mortality Information System were linked through a probabilistic record Relationship (RL). The Hazard Ratio (HR) was estimated using Cox multiple regression models. HCV-HIV coinfected individuals compared to seronegative individuals had a higher risk of death from all causes (HR = 14.54), non-liver neoplasms (HR = 2.55), infections (HR = 10.37) and liver disease (HR = 7.0). In addition, HCV mono-infected individuals compared to seronegative individuals had a higher risk of death from all causes (HR = 2.23), liver cancer (HR = 32.21), liver disease (HR = 14.92), infection (HR = 3.22), and trauma (HR = 1.68). Individuals coinfected with HCV and HIV have increased overall mortality and death due to infections, liver diseases and non-liver neoplasms as compared to those uninfected with HCV and HIV.

Discurso narrativo y lectura de cuentos en el hogar por padres a preescolares que presentan trastorno del lenguaje / Narrative discourse and parents' story telling at home to preschool children who present language impairment

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio es analizar el discurso narrativo productivo de estudiantes de kínder en escuelas de lenguaje de Chile, considerando Trastorno Específico del Lenguaje (TEL) expresivo y mixto junto a la periodicidad de la lectura de cuentos en el hogar. Ambientes naturales enriquecidos en la familia aportan mayores oportunidades de desarrollo favoreciendo la literacidad, las habilidades lingüísticas y sociales. Los niños y niñas con TEL pueden mostrar dificultades en la narración, afectando el desempeño académico, social y en su calidad de vida. El discurso narrativo en una muestra de 150 preescolares es evaluado, utilizando un instrumento formal a través del recontado de 3 cuentos originales. Se examina la etapa del desarrollo narrativo y la lectura de cuentos realizada por padres en el hogar. Se aplica una ficha para recoger información demográfica de las familias. A través de un estudio descriptivo comparativo, se aplica estadística descriptiva e inferencial (ANOVA de dos factores) para analizar las variables. Los resultados muestran que ni el tipo de TEL, ni la frecuencia de lectura o la interacción de ambas, provocan cambios estadísticamente significativos en el discurso narrativo. Sin embargo, se observan hallazgos cualitativos en la cantidad de narración, en función de la lectura de cuentos.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to analyze the productive narrative discourse of students who attended kindergarten in special language schools in Chile, considering the expressive and mixed Specific Language Impairment (SLI) with the periodicity of reading stories at home. Enriched natural environments into the family provide better opportunities to develop early literacy, linguistic and social skills. Children with SLI may show difficulties in narration, affecting academic, social performance, and generally affecting their quality of life. The narrative discourse in a sample of 150 preschoolers was evaluated using a formal instrument that included the retelling of three original stories. The performance of narrative development and reading stories by parents at home were examined. A form was applied to collect demographic information from families. Through a comparative-descriptive study, descriptive and inferential statistics (two-way ANOVA) were used to analyze the variables. The results show that type of SLI, frequency of reading and the interaction of both variables did not cause statistically significant effects in the narrative discourse. However, qualitative findings were observed, in the quantity of oral discourse related to storytelling.

Pesar no óbito fetal: luto sem voz / Grief after fetal death: a voiceless mourning / Pesar por la muerte fetal: duelo sin voz

Resumo O Ministério da Saúde orienta que a declaração de óbito não seja emitida em casos de óbito fetal com gestação inferior a 20 semanas ou feto com peso inferior a 500 g ou estatura menor que 25 cm, acrescentando que a legislação permite a emissão da declaração em casos em que a família deseje fazer o sepultamento do feto. Nesse contexto, são poucos os casos de aborto em que a declaração é feita. Este artigo realizou revisão integrativa que responde à pergunta: os rituais de fechamento, particularmente o sepultamento (possibilitado pela emissão da declaração de óbito) em caso de morte fetal inferior a 20 semanas de idade gestacional, ajudariam no processo de luto dos pais? A literatura consultada trouxe informações favoráveis à emissão da declaração de óbito e possibilitou discussão médica, jurídica e antropológica do tema.

Abstract The Ministry of Health advises that death certificates should not be issued in cases of fetal death for a pregnancy of less than 20 weeks or fetus weighing less than 500 g or shorter than 25 cm in height; however, the legislation allows the issuance of the certificate in cases where the family wishes to bury the fetus. Given this context, abortion cases in which the certificate is issued are few. This article presents an integrative review that answers the question: would the death ceremonies, particularly the burial (made possible by the issuance of the death certificate), in case of fetal death under 20 weeks of gestational age help in the parents' mourning process? The literature consulted presented favorable information for the issuance of the death certificate and enabled a medical, legal and anthropological discussion of the theme.

Resumen El Ministerio de Salud brasileño recomienda que no se debe emitir el certificado de defunción en los casos de muerte fetal de menos de 20 semanas de gestación, feto con peso inferior a 500 g o estatura inferior a 25 cm, pero agrega que se puede permitirlo cuando la familia opta por el entierro del feto. En este contexto, el certificado se emite en pocos casos de aborto. Este artículo realizó una revisión integradora a partir de la pregunta: ¿Ayudarían en el proceso de duelo de los padres los rituales de inhumación, sobre todo el entierro (habilitado mediante la emisión de un certificado de defunción) en caso de muerte fetal con menos de 20 semanas de edad gestacional? La literatura consultada aportó con informaciones favorables a la emisión del certificado de defunción y permitió fomentar la discusión médica, jurídica y antropológica del tema.

Association between ultra-processed food consumption and nutrient intake among low-risk pregnant women / Associação entre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e a ingestão de nutrientes em gestantes de risco habitual

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the ultra-processed foods (UPF) consumption in pregnant women's diets associated with nutrient intake. Methods: a cross-sectional study using socioeconomic, anthropometric and food consumption data from low-risk pregnant women. Consumption of energy, macro and micronutrient were obtained through two 24-hour recalls (R24h). The UPF were identified using the NOVA classification, and the percentage of energy from this food was classified in quartiles and associated with nutrient intake. So, the ANCOVA test adjusted for age and per capita income were adopted. Results: a total of 60 pregnant women with a mean of age of 28.44 (CI95%=27.20-29.69) years old were evaluated. The average percentage of UPF in the diet was 20.68 (CI95%=17.88-23.47). Pregnant women in the highest quartile of UPF consumption had lower protein intake (13.48g vs. 18.84g; p=0.031) and lower zinc intake (4.52mg vs. 6.18mg; p=0.045) when compared to those in the lowest quartile. Conclusions: the results showed a negative relationship between the participation of UPF in pregnant women's diets and the intake of protein and zinc, important nutrients for the gestational period. Such findings reinforce the importance of promoting healthy eating habits during pregnancy to ensure an adequate supply of nutrients in this phase.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) e sua associação com a ingestão de nutrientes entre gestantes de risco habitual. Métodos: estudo transversal com dados socioeconômicos, antropométricos e de consumo alimentar de gestantes de risco habitual. O consumo de energia, macro e micronutrientes foi obtido através de dois Recordatórios 24 horas (R24h). Os AUP foram identificados através da classificação NOVA, e o percentual de calorias proveniente destes alimentos foi classificado em quartis e associado à ingestão de nutrientes. Para tal, adotou-se o teste ANCOVA ajustado segundo a idade e a renda per capita. Resultados: foram avaliadas 60 gestantes com média de idade de 28,44 (IC95%=27,20-29,69) anos. O percentual médio de AUP na dieta foi de 20,68 (IC95%=17,88-23,47). Gestantes no maior quartil de consumo de AUP apresentaram menor ingestão de proteína (13,48g vs. 18,84g; p=0,031) e zinco (4,52mg vs. 6,18mg; p=0,045) quando comparadas ao menor quartil. Conclusão: os resultados evidenciaram uma relação desfavorável entre a participação de AUP na dieta e a ingestão de proteínas e zinco, nutrientes importantes para o período gestacional. Tais achados reforçam a importância da promoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis durante a gestação para garantir o aporte adequado de nutrientes nessa fase.

Uso e limitações da telemedicina na formação de estudantes de medicina: lições da pandemia para inovações em estratégias de ensino / Use and limitations of telemedicine in the education of medical students: lessons from the pandemic for innovations in teaching strategies

Objetivo: O atual cenário de saúde pública se alterou abrupta e inesperadamente devido à pandemia do novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2). Nesse sentido, busca-se discutir as potencialidades, limitações e riscos do uso dos recursos tecnológicos (que já vêm sendo usados na assistência médica na pandemia) também na formação do estudante de medicina. Descrevem-se algumas áreas de atuação nas quais os acadêmicos podem se beneficiar do uso da telessaúde, devidamente supervisionados por preceptores. Métodos: O método adotado foi de revisão narrativa da literatura. A busca se realizou nas bases de dados Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Os termos utilizados para a busca dos artigos foram: "telemedicina", "telessaúde", "ensino médico", "COVID-19", "pandemia", e suas traduções para inglês. Foram incluídos os artigos concordantes com os objetivos da pesquisa. Foram excluídos os que tangenciaram o tema e os publicados antes da ano de 2010. Foram incluídas ainda publicações relevantes, citadas nos artigos selecionados. Além disso, foi realizada pesquisa em páginas da web de entidades médicas e autoridades brasileiras em saúde para esclarecimento de regras e normativas relacionadas ao uso da telemedicina no Brasil. Conclusão: Como vantagens da telemedicina na educação de estudantes de medicina podemos citar a oportunidade de estudantes se familiarizarem com ferramentas da telessaúde na prática médica, a proteger a privacidade do paciente, treinar a comunicação entre profissionais de saúde, além de ampliar e qualificar o acesso de intervenções das escolas médicas, promovendo equidade. Dentre os obstáculos, podemos citar a ausência de uma regulamentação da telemedicina que esclareça e dê sustentação legal às práticas em telemedicina, principalmente fora do período pandêmico. Além disso, é necessária ampliação do acesso aos recursos tecnológicos que ofereçam uma comunicação segura em relação a proteção de dados e eficiente. Portanto, sugerimos que as adaptações exigidas pela pandemia da COVID-19 trazem a oportunidade singular de avançarmos no debate do uso da telemedicina no Brasil, atenta também à formação do estudante de medicina.

Objective: The current public health scenario has changed abruptly and unexpectedly due to the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Regarding that, we long to discuss here the potential, limitations and risks of the use of technological resources (which are already being used in medical care during the pandemic) also in medical education. Some areas of expertise in which academics can benefit from the use of telehealth, duly supervised by preceptors, are described. Methods: The method adopted was a narrative review of the literature. The search was carried out in the Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Virtual Health Library (VHL) databases. The terms used to search for the articles were: "telemedicine", "telehealth", "medical education", "COVID-19", "pandemic". Articles consistent with the research objectives were included. Those that did not deepen the topic and those published before 2010 were excluded. Relevant publications mentioned in the selected articles were also included. In addition, a search was carried out on the websites of medical entities and Brazilian health authorities to clarify rules and regulations related to the use of telemedicine in Brazil. Conclusion: As advantages of telemedicine in the education of medical students, we can mention the opportunity for students to become familiar with telehealth tools in medical practice, to protect patient privacy, train communication between health professionals. This practice can also expand and qualify access to interventions of medical schools, promoting equity. Among the obstacles, we can mention the absence of a telemedicine regulation that clarifies and gives legal support to telemedicine practices, especially outside the pandemic period. In addition, it is necessary to expand access to technological resources that offer secure and efficient communication regarding data protection. Therefore, we suggest that the adaptations required by the COVID-19 pandemic bring a unique opportunity to advance in the debate on the use of telemedicine in Brazil, also paying attention to the training of medical students.

Characterization of primary direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drugs resistance mutations in NS5A/NS5B regions of hepatitis C virus with genotype 1a and 1b from patients with chronic hepatitis

ABSTRACT The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a public health problem. The high level of HCV replication and its lack of post-transcriptional correction mechanisms results in the emergence of viral variants and the difficulty in determining polymorphisms and variants that contain the substitutions associated with resistance towards new antivirals. The main focus of this study was to map the NS5A and NS5B polymorphisms and resistance mutations to new antiviral drugs in HCV strains genotype 1 from patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Serum samples were collected from patients who underwent routine viral load tests at the Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo city, Brazil. A total of 698 and 853 samples were used for the characterization of NS5A and NS5B regions, respectively, which comprise the HCV genotypes 1a and 1b. The prevalence of resistance mutations found in the NS5A region was 6.4%, with Y93H, L31M, Q30R, and Y93N as the main resistance-associated substitutions (RAS). No NS5B-associated RAS was observed for any of the analyzed drugs. These findings support that the RAS test should be offered to individuals with poor response to double combination regimens prior to treatment initiation, thereby assisting strain vigilance and selection of effective treatment or retreatment options using DAA regimens.

Trends of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years of oral cancer in Latin America / Tendencia de la incidencia, mortalidad y años de vida ajustados por discapacidad del cáncer oral en América Latina

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the trend in incidence, mortality and Disability Adjusted Life Years of oral cancer in Latin America according to sex between 2000 and 2020. Methods: This ecological study extracted oral cancer information from 20 Latin American countries from the GBD-2020 database. Oral cancer burden was described by age-standardized rate (ASR) of incidence, mortality, and DALYs. The data was compared according to sex and countries. Trends (Average Annual Percentage Change-AAPC) were estimated for each indicator, sex, and country between 2000 and 2020 using Joint-point software. Results: Between 2000 and 2020, the highest incidence of oral cancer (ASR) occurred in Cuba (5.18), Brazil (4.38) and Uruguay (4.62). The countries with the highest mortality for both sexes were (ASR): Cuba (2.89), Brazil (2.71) and the Dominican Republic (2.58). The DALYs registered an average of 37.52 (Women: 22.39; Men: 52.62). The Dominican Republic reports increasing trends in incidence (AAPC: Men: 2.2; Women: 1.4), in mortality (AAPC: Men: 1.8; Women: 1.1), and in DALYs (AAPC: Men: 1.0; Women: 2.0). Costa Rica shows decreasing trends in men in incidence (AAPC: −1.3), mortality (AAPC: −1.6), and DALYs (AAPC: −1.8). Conclusion: Oral cancer shows increasing trends in: the incidence in both sexes in 10 countries, in mortality and DALYs in 6 countries, while the affectation between sexes does not show differences in trends.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la tendencia de la incidencia, mortalidad y los Años de Vida Ajustados por Discapacidad del cáncer oral en América Latina según género entre los años 2000 y 2020. Métodos: Este estudio ecológico extrajo información del cáncer oral de 20 países de América Latina de la base de datos GBD-2020. La carga del cáncer oral se describió según tasa estandarizada por edad (ASR) de incidencia, mortalidad y AVAD. Se estimaron las tendencias (Promedio de cambio porcentual anual — AAPC) en cada indicador, género y país, entre el 2000 y el 2020 usando el software Joint-point. Resultados: Entre 2000 y 2020, la mayor incidencia de cáncer oral (ASR) se presentó en Cuba (5,18), Brasil (4,38) y Uruguay (4,62). Los países con mayor mortalidad para ambos géneros fueron: Cuba (2,89), Brasil (2,71) y República Dominicana (2,58). Los AVAD registraron un promedio de 37,52 (Mujeres: 22,39; Hombres: 52,62). República Dominicana reporta tendencias crecientes en la incidencia (AAPC: Hombres: 2,2; Mujeres: 1,4), en la mortalidad (AAPC: Hombres: 1,8; Mujeres: 1,1), y en los AVAD (AAPC: Hombres: 1,0; Mujeres: 2,0). Costa Rica muestra tendencias decrecientes en los hombres en incidencia (AAPC: −1,3), mortalidad (AAPC: −1,6) y AVAD (AAPC: −1,8). Conclusiones: El cáncer oral muestra tendencias al aumento en: la incidencia en ambos sexos en 10 países, en la mortalidad y los AVAD en 6 países, mientras la afectación entre sexos no muestra diferencias en las tendencias.

Enfermedades crónicas degenerativas como factor de riesgo de letalidad por COVID-19 en México / Chronic degenerative conditions as risk factors for lethal COVID-19 / Doenças crônicas degenerativas como fator de risco para letalidade por COVID-19

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar el riesgo de letalidad de las enfermedades crónicas degenerativas en pacientes con COVID-19. Métodos. Se realizo un estudio de cohorte, en expedientes clínicos electrónicos de pacientes con RT-PCR positiva para COVID-19 en atención ambulatoria o intrahospitalaria en una Institución de Seguridad Social de marzo 2020 a marzo 2021. Se integraron 2 grupos de estudio, el grupo expuesto se dividió en cuatro subgrupos, cada uno con diagnóstico único y exclusivo de una patología crónica (diabetes, hipertensión, obesidad o enfermedad renal crónica); el grupo no expuesto lo integraron expedientes de pacientes sin comorbilidades. Se revisaron 1 114 expedientes en total utilizando técnica muestral aleatoria simple, una vez obtenido el tamaño mínimo de muestra se calculó el riesgo relativo para cada enfermedad crónica, se realizaron combinaciones de 2, 3 y 4, con cada uno de ellos se realizó el análisis. Resultados. En ausencia de enfermedad crónica degenerativa la prevalencia de letalidad en COVID-19 es 3,8%; en presencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 la letalidad es 15,8; en hipertensión arterial de 15,6%; y en obesidad 15,0%. Cuando se combinan diabetes e hipertensión la letalidad es 54,1%; en diabetes y obesidad 36,8%; y en obesidad e hipertensión 28,1%. Conclusiones. En pacientes con COVID-19 el riesgo relativo para letalidad de letalidad en diabetes es 4,17; en hipertensión 4,13; y en obesidad 3,96. Cuando se combinan dos enfermedades crónicas el riesgo relativo se duplica o triplica, para diabetes e hipertensión el riesgo relativo para letalidad es 14,2; para diabetes y obesidad 9,73; y para obesidad e hipertensión 7,43. Es verdad que las enfermedades crónicas no se presentan solas, generalmente se encuentra asociadas, y desde esa perspectiva los riesgos relativos para letalidad ofrecidos en este artículo adquieren relevancia.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the relative risk of a lethal outcome associated with chronic degenerative conditions in patients with COVID-19. Methods. A cohort study was conducted using electronic medical records belonging to patients who tested positive for COVID-19 on RT-PCR while receiving care as outpatients or inpatients in a social security system facility between March 2020 and March 2021. Two study groups were formed. The exposed group was divided into four subgroups, each of which was diagnosed with one and only one chronic condition (diabetes, hypertension, obesity, or chronic kidney disease); the unexposed group was obtained from the medical records of patients without comorbidities. A total of 1 114 medical records were examined using simple random sampling. Once the minimum sample size was reached, the relative risk was calculated for each chronic condition. Combinations of two, three, and four conditions were created, and each of them was included in the analysis. Results. In the absence of a chronic degenerative condition, the prevalence of a lethal outcome from COVID-19 is 3.8%; in the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 15.8%; in the presence of arterial hypertension, 15.6%; and in the presence of obesity, 15.0%. For diabetes and hypertension combined, the prevalence of a lethal outcome is 54.1%; for diabetes and obesity combined, 36.8%, and for obesity and hypertension combined, 28.1%. Conclusion. In patients with COVID-19, the relative risk of a lethal outcome is 4.17 for those with diabetes, 4.13 for those with hypertension, and 3.96 for those with obesity. For two chronic conditions combined, the relative risk doubles or triples. The relative risk of a lethal outcome is 14.27 for diabetes plus hypertension; 9.73 for diabetes plus obesity, and 7.43 for obesity plus hypertension. Chronic conditions do not present alone; they generally occur together, hence the significance of the relative risks for lethal outcomes presented in this paper.

RESUMO Objetivo. Determinar o risco de letalidade conferido por doenças crônicas degenerativas em pacientes com COVID-19. Métodos. Foi realizado um estudo de coorte em prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes com RT-PCR positivo para COVID-19 em atendimento ambulatorial ou hospitalar em uma instituição de previdência social, no período de março de 2020 a março de 2021. Foram constituídos dois grupos de estudo. O grupo exposto foi dividido em quatro subgrupos, cada um com diagnóstico único e exclusivo de uma doença crônica (diabetes, hipertensão, obesidade ou doença renal crônica). O grupo não exposto foi constituído por prontuários de pacientes sem comorbidades. Foram revisados 1.114 prontuários no total, utilizando técnica de amostragem aleatória simples. Uma vez obtido o tamanho mínimo da amostra, foi calculado o risco relativo para cada doença crônica. Foram realizadas combinações de 2, 3 e 4, tendo sido feita a análise com cada uma delas. Resultados. Na ausência de doença crônica degenerativa, a prevalência de letalidade na COVID-19 é de 3,8%; na presença de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, a letalidade é de 15,8%; na presença de hipertensão arterial, 15,6%; e na presença de obesidade, 15%. Quando tanto diabetes como hipertensão estão presentes, a letalidade é de 54,1%; com diabetes e obesidade, 36,8%; e obesidade com hipertensão, 28,1%. Conclusões. Em pacientes com COVID-19, o risco relativo de letalidade é de 4,17 naqueles com diabetes; 4,13 naqueles com hipertensão; e 3,96 naqueles com obesidade. Quando duas doenças crônicas são combinadas, o risco relativo dobra ou triplica. Para diabetes e hipertensão, o risco relativo de letalidade é 14,27; para diabetes e obesidade, 9,73; e para obesidade e hipertensão, 7,43. As doenças crônicas não ocorrem sozinhas (geralmente estão associadas), e nessa perspectiva os riscos relativos de letalidade apresentados neste artigo tornam-se relevantes.

Preventing COVID-19 as a nursing student through social networks in their family-social environment / Prevenindo a COVID-19 como estudante de enfermagem por meio de redes sociais em seu ambiente familiar-social / Previniendo el COVID-19 como estudiante de enfermería mediante redes sociales en su entorno familiar-social

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze and understand COVID-19 prevention by nursing students through social networks in their family-social environment. Method: a qualitative descriptive-interpretative study, developed in the nursing school of a public university in Lima, Peru, from October to December 2020. Students from the fourth and fifth year of studies participated. Data were collected with the technique of focus groups (2) and analyzed with thematic content analysis. Results: two categories emerged: Using various social networks in times of pandemic; Considering themselves trained for COVID-19 prevention through social networks in their family-social circle. Final considerations: nursing students carry out COVID-19 prevention in their family-social circle through social networks, showing satisfaction in the transmission of knowledge, considering the people's physical-emotional condition and local health status, perceiving themselves as agents of change, seeking people empowerment.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar e compreender a prevenção da COVID-19 por estudantes de enfermagem por meio das redes sociais em seu ambiente familiar-social. Método: estudo qualitativo descritivo-interpretativo, desenvolvido na escola de enfermagem de uma universidade pública em Lima-Peru, de outubro a dezembro de 2020. Participaram alunos do quarto e quinto ano de estudos. Os dados foram coletados com a técnica de grupos focais (2) e analisados com análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados: emergiram duas categorias: Utilizando diversas redes sociais em tempos de pandemia; Considerando-se capacitados para a prevenção da COVID-19 por meio das redes sociais em seu círculo familiar-social. Considerações finais: os acadêmicos de enfermagem realizam a prevenção da COVID-19 em seu círculo familiar-social por meio das redes sociais, demonstrando satisfação na transmissão do conhecimento, considerando a condição físico-emocional das pessoas e o estado de saúde local, percebendo-se como agentes de mudança, buscando o empoderamento das pessoas.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar y comprender la prevención del COVID-19 por las estudiantes de enfermería mediante redes sociales en su entorno familiar-social. Método: estudio cualitativo descriptivo-interpretativo, desarrollada en la escuela de enfermería de una universidad pública en Lima-Perú, de octubre a diciembre del 2020. Participaron estudiantes del cuarto y quinto año de estudios, se recolectaron los datos con la técnica de grupos focales (2) y se analizaron con el análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: emergieron 2 categorías: Utilizando diversas redes sociales en tiempos de pandemia; Considerándose capacitadas para la prevención del COVID-19 por redes sociales en su círculo familiar-social. Consideraciones finales: las estudiantes de enfermería realizan la prevención del COVID-19 en su círculo familiar-social mediante redes sociales, mostrando satisfacción en la transmisión de conocimientos, considerando la condición física-emocional de las personas y el estado sanitario local, percibiéndose como agentes de cambio, procurando el empoderamiento de las personas.

Knowledge of Hepatitis C virus vertical transmission and subsequent pregnancy outcome in virus-positive female blood donors

ABSTRACT Introduction Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be vertically transmitted from mother to fetus. We evaluated knowledge about HCV vertical transmission in female blood donors who became pregnant following detection of HCV in their donated blood. Methods This was a retrospective descriptive study of females seen at a single blood bank in Sao Paulo, Brazil who were diagnosed with HCV infection in their donated blood. HCV-infected donors who subsequently became pregnant were invited to participate through letters or phone calls. Individuals who agreed to participate were interviewed by questionnaire to evaluate their knowledge on HCV vertical transmission. Results Among 282 HCV-positive female blood donors, 69 reported becoming pregnant after their HCV diagnosis in donated blood. While 24 of these women were successful treated for their infection prior to becoming pregnant, 45 (65.2%) were at risk for vertical HCV transmission either because they had never been treated for HCV, were pregnant before treatment or became pregnant after unsuccessful treatment. Of the 59 women who responded to the question of whether they were informed about the risk of HCV vertical transmission, 58 (98.3%) reported never receiving this information either after obtaining their blood donation results or during their pregnancy. Conclusion The lack of knowledge of HCV-infected women on the possibility for mother-to-child transmission of this virus highlights the critical need to improve communication about pregnancy-related risks between health professionals and HCV-infected women of childbearing age.

Generation of neutralizing antibodies against Omicron, Gamma and Delta SARS-CoV-2 variants following CoronaVac vaccination

ABSTRACT Vaccination is a fundamental tool to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and to limit the COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with multiple mutations has raised serious concerns about the ability of neutralizing antibody responses elicited by prior vaccination to effectively combat these variants. The neutralizing capacity against the Gamma, Delta and Omicron variants of sera from individuals immunized with the CoronaVac vaccine remains incompletely determined. The present study evaluated 41 health care workers at the Faculdade de Medicina of the Universidade de Sao Paulo, in Sao Paulo, Brazil, naive to previous SARS- CoV-2 infection, who were vaccinated with two doses of the CoronaVac SARS-CoV-2 vaccine 28 days apart. Neutralizing antibody levels against the Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants were measured at 32 and 186 days after the second vaccination. We also measured neutralizing antibodies against Omicron in 34 of these individuals following a subsequent booster immunization with the Pfizer vaccine. Quantification of neutralizing antibodies was performed using the Cytopathic Effect-based Virus Neutralization test. Neutralization antibody activity against the Gamma, Delta and Omicron variants was observed in 78.0%, 65.9% and 58.5% of serum samples, respectively, obtained at a mean of 32 days after the second immunization. This decreased to 17.1%, 24.4% and 2.4% of sera having activity against Delta, Gamma and Omicron, respectively, at 186 days post-vaccination. The median neutralizing antibody titers at 32 days were 1:40, 1:20 and 1:20 against Gamma, Delta and Omicron, respectively, and decreased to an undetectable median level against all variants at the later time. A booster immunization with the Pfizer vaccine elicited neutralizing antibodies against Omicron in 85% of subjects tested 60 days after vaccination. We conclude that two doses of the CoronaVac vaccine results in limited protection of short duration against the Gamma, Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants. A booster dose with the Pfizer vaccine induced antibody neutralizing activity against Omicron in most patients which was measurable 60 days after the booster.